UNDERSTANDING ANDROID PARTITIONS

 

UNDERST

1.    BOOT PARTITION: The boot partition contains the kernel which it at the core of operating system. The kernel acts as the bridge between the hardware and the software in a computing device. Boot is short for bootstrap or bootstrap load and derives from the phrase to pull oneself up by one's bootstraps the usage calls attention to the requirement that, if most software is loaded onto a computer by other software already running on the computer, some mechanism must exist to load the initial software onto the computer. Early computers used a variety of ad-hoc methods to get a small program into memory to solve this problem. The invention of read-only memory (ROM) of various types solved this paradox by allowing computers to be shipped with a startup program that could not be erased. The kernel is also responsible for mitigating conflicts between different processes. Whenever a device is turned on the kernel is the first program to be initialized, this boot partition is responsible for starting up the device.

 

2.    RECOVERY PARTITION: The recovery partition is the place where the device recovery software is stored. Think of the recovery software as the garage used to restore the phone to its original state in case of errors. The recovery partition contains the recovery image that can be used to update or restore the device to original state mostly in order to fix problems with the device.

 

3.    SYSTEM IMAGE PARTITION: This partition contains the core operating system of the device and contains files like the user interface, system apps and the settings app. This is the most important partition and makes sure the phone works correctly. When a user installs a custom rom the files in this partition are replaced with files from the custom rom.

 

4.    DATA PARTITION: This is where the device stores all the user data including user apps, apps data, contacts and media files such as audio files, images and video files. The data partition is always encrypted since it contains personal stuff. If you erase this partition you lose all your data. Whenever you perform a factory reset the data partition is wiped.

 

5.    DTBO PARTITION: (Dtbo stands for Device Tree Blob Overlay). It contains the device tree information that helps the device to communicate with it hardware components such as camera, touch screen and Wi-Fi. The Dtbo partition can be thought of as a blueprint which tells the phone how to use its hardware. It acts like the translator between the device and the hardware to make it work smoothly.

 

6.    CACHE PARTITION: The cache partition is where the device stores the frequently used data like app data. Whenever you open an app or a website the data is stored in the cache partition to make it easily retrievable when next needed. Too much data in the cache partition can make the device to slow down. It a good idea to wipe the cache partition from time to time to improve the device working speed.

 

7.    PERSIST PARTITION: It is an area in an android device that stores persistence system settings and app preferences. This settings are stored even when the device is rebooted or turned off. Think of it like a note book to sort out important things that you need to keep. Example screen timeout changes or volume changes are stored in the persist partition, when you customize an app the settings are stored in the persist partition so that the next time you open the app, the settings will be there. The settings are always persistence across reboot.

 

 

8.      PERSIST IMAGE PARTITION: This partition stores firmware images for certain hardware component such as touchscreen and camera. The firmware image is important because it enables the hardware components like the camera to work properly.

 

9.    VB META PARTITION: (VB Meta stands for verified Boot Meta). This is a security partition which contains information about the devices verified boot process. It makes sure that the device is running a trusted version of the operating system and that it has not been tempered with. If the VB Meta detect changes in the boot images it will cause errors and the device will not boot. This partition is a security feature and makes sure only trusted software can run in the device.

 

10. VB META SYSTEM PARTITION: This partition contains a digital signature that verifies the integrity of the bootloader and the operating system and that it is genuine. This is checked during the boot process to make sure the software is legitimate or has not been modified. The digital signature ensures that the software is genuine and has not been modified. The VB Meta system partition also verifies the integrity of various partitions in the device. When the bootloader is unlocked the verified boot process is disabled for the whole system except the VB Meta system partition.

 

11.  CUST_IMAGE PARTITION: This is a partition on an android device that contains customer’s specific data, such as configuration files, software updates and other customization made by the device manufacturer. Example if a mobile carrier want to include specific apps on the mobile device, the apps can be added to the cust_image partition. Or if the manufacturer want to add some device custom settings they can be added to the cust_image partition.

 

12. FIRMWARE_IMAGE PARTITION: This partition contains firmware files for various hardware components such as Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, modem, camera and touchscreen. The firmware files are used by the phones software to communicate with the components. Firmware is type of software that is embedded in the hardware and it provides low level control over the device hardware.

 

13. SUPER PARTITION: The super partition is essentially a partition where all other partitions are stored, it acts as a storage for all other partitions and makes it easy to apply updates. This makes it easy to manage all other partitions.

 

14. MODEM PARTITION: The modem partition stores the firmware responsible for the device cellular connectivity. It is responsible for tasks like connecting to the internet, sending and receiving text messages and sending and receiving calls. It helps the phone connect to the cellular network and communicate with other devices.

 

15. EFS PARTITION: EFS stands for (Encrypting file system) is a special area that stores device specific information such as IMEI number, MAC address and other unique identifiers for a specific device. This partition can be thought of as a digital identity card which stores device specific information and enables the device to connect to the internet and make calls.

 

I hope the information presented above helps you understand more about android partitions, if you feel any has been left out feel free to comment on this blog.

To gather all the information takes me a lot of time and plenty of research, always feel free to appreciate this blog the way you can. Thanks.

 

 

Top 10 Android 14 Features You Never Knew Existed: A Deep Dive into Cutting-Edge Technology

Android 14 , brought with it not only a refreshed user experience but also a suite of hidden features powered by cutting-edge technology. Beyond the obvious upgrades, the Android 14 ecosystem is designed to offer users a smarter, more secure, and intuitive mobile experience. Here are the top ten features that might have flown under the radar, but could redefine how you use your Android device.

1. Advanced Predictive Back Gesture

One of the standout innovations in Android 14 is the predictive back gesture. While previous versions allowed users to swipe back from any screen, Android 14 enhances this feature with predictive technology. Now, as you swipe, Android 14 can show a preview of the screen you're about to return to. This simple yet powerful feature prevents accidental exits, making navigation smoother and more intuitive, and saves you time when multi-tasking.

2. AI-Enhanced Battery Health Management

Battery health has always been a concern for smartphone users. Android 14 takes a step further with AI-driven Battery Health Optimization. It intelligently learns your charging habits and usage patterns, then adjusts power management accordingly. This ensures that your battery degrades slower over time. The AI-based system can even alert you if you're charging your phone in a way that could impact long-term battery health.

 3. Satellite Connectivity 

Android 14 pushes the boundaries of mobile communication with built-in satellite connectivity. While still in its infancy, this feature enables devices to connect directly to satellites for emergency communications, even in remote areas without cellular coverage. Leveraging advanced modem technology, Android devices can offer connectivity solutions where none previously existed, paving the way for future smartphone applications in off-grid scenarios.

4. Per-App Language Settings

While Android 13 introduced the ability to set languages per app, Android 14 refines this feature by leveraging machine learning to suggest optimal language settings for specific apps. It automatically detects your most used languages and proposes personalized language setups for apps based on your habits, streamlining the multilingual experience.

5. Health Connect: Unified Health Data Hub

Android 14’s Health Connect is a game-changer for fitness and health enthusiasts. It acts as a central hub for health-related data from different apps, integrating seamlessly with Google Fit, Samsung Health, and other third-party services. Using secure APIs and machine learning, it analyzes data patterns to provide personalized health insights. The goal is to enable more comprehensive health tracking across devices while maintaining privacy and control.

6. Credential Manager: Passkeys Over Passwords.

Passwords may soon be a thing of the past, thanks to Android 14's Credential Manager. This feature adopts FIDO-based passkey technology, allowing users to sign in securely using biometrics, PINs, or hardware tokens. With built-in support for passkey-based login systems, Android 14 ensures your device is more secure than ever, while providing a frictionless, password-free experience across apps and websites.

 7.App Cloning: Dual Identities for Apps

Android 14 introduces app cloning, a feature that lets you duplicate certain apps and use two separate accounts simultaneously. Whether you need two instances of a messaging app for personal and work accounts, or want to run different game profiles, this feature adds flexibility without the need for third-party solutions. Powered by an enhanced multi-instance framework, the app cloning feature ensures smooth performance and data separation.

 8.Privacy-Preserving Photo Picker

While sharing photos has always been a central feature of mobile apps, Android 14 introduces a privacy-focused photo picker. Instead of granting an app access to your entire gallery, this feature allows you to choose specific photos and videos an app can access. This secure media sharing function utilizes sandboxing and ensures that personal content remains private, even while interacting with apps that require media access.

 9. High-Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) and HDR Support

With Android 14, media handling takes a leap forward through enhanced support for HEVC (High-Efficiency Video Coding) and HDR. Android 14 can convert videos in real-time into these advanced formats, reducing file sizes without compromising quality. This is especially useful for content creators, streamers, and anyone consuming high-definition media. It’s an example of how Android 14 taps into advanced codec and display technology to elevate the user experience.

10.Device-to-Device Transfer via Ultra-Wideband (UWB)

Ultra-Wideband (UWB) technology is finally starting to become mainstream with Android 14. Devices equipped with UWB chips can now communicate with other nearby UWB-enabled devices more precisely than ever. This opens up possibilities like faster file sharing, spatial awareness for smart home devices, and even secure car unlocking via your phone. UWB offers low-latency, high-precision communication, ushering in a new era of seamless, near-field interactions.

Final Thoughts

Android 14 represents a major leap forward in both visible and invisible ways. From AI-powered enhancements to security breakthroughs, this version solidifies Android’s place as a leader in mobile innovation. With these hidden gems, Android 14 isn’t just about what’s on the surface—it’s about harnessing the latest technological advancements to deliver a smarter, safer, and more personalized mobile experience. As users continue to explore these features, it becomes clear that Android 14 is setting the stage for the future of mobile technology.

Stay tuned, because Android is only gettings smarter. 

   Authored by Muretikenfrey

Why Nova Launcher is a Must-Have for Android Users

Since early 2019, I’ve been using Nova Launcher, and it has completely transformed how I interact with my phone. Nova is more than just another app launcher—it’s a powerhouse of customization and functionality that has kept me loyal for years. Here's why Nova Launcher is a must-have for every Android user.

1. Unmatched Customization

One of Nova Launcher's standout features is its incredible versatility. Whether you're someone who loves tweaking every detail or simply want a sleek, functional layout, Nova has you covered. From icon packs, grid sizes, to widget placements, Nova gives you the freedom to make your home screen yours. Want a minimalist look or something more dynamic? It’s all possible with Nova.

2. Powerful Gestures

Nova's gesture features are a game-changer. You can configure gestures to launch apps, open notifications, or even perform system functions like turning off the screen. This saves time and makes your phone usage far more intuitive. Once you get used to swipe gestures for key actions, going back to a regular launcher feels limiting.

3. Seamless Performance

Despite offering a wealth of features, Nova Launcher is lightweight and fast. It doesn’t bloat your device or slow it down, which is a huge plus for anyone using an older or budget Android phone. The performance has been flawless for me over the years, and the regular updates ensure it's optimized for new Android versions.

4. Backup and Restore

This feature has been a lifesaver for me. Whenever I switch to a new phone or reset my device, I can easily restore my Nova Launcher layout with just a few clicks. All my customizations, settings, and icons are preserved, making the transition seamless. No other launcher offers such a reliable backup system.

5. Endless Features with Nova Prime

While the free version is already packed with features, upgrading to Nova Prime unlocks even more functionality, such as custom drawer groups, gesture options, and icon-swipe actions. It’s well worth the one-time purchase, especially considering how much control it gives you over your device’s interface.

6. Constant Updates

Since I started using Nova Launcher in 2019, the team behind it has consistently pushed out updates to improve the user experience. Whether it's adapting to new Android versions, enhancing performance, or adding new features, Nova has never felt outdated.

7. Versatility Across Devices

I've used Nova Launcher across several phones, from flagship devices to mid-tier options, and it always enhances the user experience. It’s not just about aesthetics; it’s about making your phone work the way you want it to. With Nova, I can create an interface that's optimized for productivity or something clean and distraction-free for personal use.

You can DOWNLOAD THE APP VIA  Nova launcher

Conclusion

If you’re an Android user and want a launcher that offers incredible customization, seamless performance, and features that elevate how you use your phone, Nova Launcher is the answer. After using it for over five years, I can confidently say it’s the best launcher available, and it only keeps getting better. 

                                                                                  Authored By Muretikenfrey

How to install TWRP custom recovery in a Android device

The recovery is a runtime environment separated from Android that can perform various system-related tasks. It contains tools to help repair installations as well as official updates. There are two kinds of recovery, one is stock recovery, the other is custom recovery.  

The stock recovery on Android device can delete all user and cache content ( for factory reset purposes ), allow external tools to run functions on Android device and perform system updates. The stock recovery is a limited system

custom recovery is a replacement for the stock recovery image that comes pre-installed on Android devices. It allows users to perform advanced recovery and maintenance tasks, such as installing custom ROMs, creating backups, and wiping device data.

The most popular custom recovery -- Team Win Recovery Project ( TWRP ), is a touch-based recovery. TWRP offers ROM installation and backup features that the stock recovery doesn't have.

Requirements:

1. Unlocked Bootloader: Most Android devices need an unlocked bootloader to flash a custom recovery like TWRP.

   • Unlocking the bootloader usually involves enabling Developer Options on your device and using an OEM Unlock command.
   • Be aware that unlocking the bootloader will likely wipe all data on your device, and some manufacturers may void the warranty.

2. ADB and Fastboot: You need to install Android Debug Bridge (ADB) and Fastboot on your computer.

   • You can download these tools from Google's developer site.

3. TWRP Image for your Device: You need to download the specific TWRP recovery image for your device model from the official TWRP website.

4. USB Cable: For connecting your phone to your computer.

Steps to Install TWRP:

Step 1: Enable Developer Options and USB Debugging

1. Go to Settings > About phone and tap Build number 7 times to enable Developer Options.
2. Go back to Settings > Developer Options and enable USB Debugging and OEM Unlocking.

Step 2: Unlock the Bootloader (if needed)

• To unlock your bootloader, you need to boot into fastboot mode. The method varies, but usually:
  1. Power off the device.
  2. Press and hold the Power + Volume Down buttons until the fastboot menu appears.
• Use the following command in a terminal/command prompt to unlock your bootloader (this will wipe your data):

            fastboot oem unlock

or

          fastboot flashing unlock

Then follow the on -screen prompts to unlock the bootloader

Step 3: Boot into Fastboot Mode

1. Connect your device to your computer via USB.
2. Open a terminal (Linux/Mac) or command prompt (Windows) on your computer.
3. Boot into fastboot mode with the following command:

   adb reboot bootloader

1. your device should now be in fastboot mode.

Step 4: Flash TWRP Recovery

1. Navigate to the folder where your TWRP recovery image is located.
2. Run the following command to flash TWRP:

          fastboot flash recovery twrp.img

Replace twrp.img with the name of your TWRP image file (e.g., twrp-3.5.2-0-devicecodename.img).

Step 5: Boot into TWRP Recovery

1. Once the flashing process is complete, reboot into TWRP:
• Use the command:

                 fastboot reboot

As the device reboots, immediately press the Volume Up + Power buttons to boot into TWRP instead of the stock OS.

Step 6: (Optional) Root Your Device

• If you want to root your device, you can flash Magisk or another root tool through TWRP.

• Download the Magisk ZIP file and flash it via TWRP by going to Install in the recovery menu.

🔒  If your device reboots into the stock recovery instead of TWRP after flashing, it may have a recovery partition overwrite protection. In that case, boot directly into TWRP after flashing using the hardware button combination or the fastboot boot command, then flash the TWRP Installer ZIP file from within TWRP itself.

---

Disclaimer:

The information provided in this guide is for educational purposes only. Installing a custom recovery on your device may void its warranty, and any modifications made to your device are done at your own risk. We are not responsible for any damage, data loss, or malfunction that may occur as a result of following this guide. It is recommended that you back up your data before proceeding and ensure you fully understand the steps involved. If you are unfamiliar with these processes, seek expert advice or further research before attempting. Proceed with caution.

                                                                                             Authored by Kenfrey

What is an MDM lock?

 An MDM (Mobile Device Management) lock is typically used by organizations to manage and control devices like smartphones, tablets, or computers.

 It restricts what the user can do with the device, including installing apps, accessing certain features, or removing the management profile. This is common for corporate or school-issued devices to ensure compliance with company policies. If you're trying to remove an MDM lock or "limited lifetime lock" on a device, it's important to know: 

1.Legal Considerations: Removing MDM from a device without permission could violate terms of service or company policies. If the device belongs to an organization, you should contact the IT department for assistance.

 2.Options for Personal Devices: 

- Contact the Administrator: If the device is your own but was previously managed by an organization, reaching out to the admin is the best way to have the lock removed.

 - Factory Reset: In some cases, a factory reset might remove the MDM profile, but this varies by device and may not work if the profile is installed on a deeper level. 

3.Third-Party Tools: There are third-party tools that claim to remove MDM profiles from devices, but using these could void warranties or cause other issues. Let me know if you need more information on how to proceed with this

Stay tuned in the next post i will explore and on how to bypass Mdm locks. 

Also feel free to contact me through the contact form for topics which you would like explored.

Samsung KG lock removal tips

 

To remove the KG (Knox Guard) lock on a Samsung device, the most straightforward method is to contact Samsung or your carrier to unlock it. The KG lock is part of Samsung's security system, often used for anti-theft protection, especially on carrier-issued or company-owned devices.

An image of Knox Gaurd locked device

Here are the general steps you can follow:

1. Contact Samsung or Carrier

• If your device is carrier-locked or part of a company's fleet, contact the carrier or Samsung customer support. They will ask for proof of purchase or ownership to help you unlock the device.

2. Samsung Service Center

• Take your phone to an authorized Samsung service center. If you have the proper documentation, such as a receipt, they may be able to unlock it for you.

3. Try Factory Reset (if allowed)

• If you have access to the phone and it’s not locked down completely:
1. Turn off the device.
2. Hold Power + Volume Up (on newer Samsung models) to enter recovery mode.
3. Use the Volume buttons to navigate to "Factory reset" and confirm with the Power button.

Note that if your device is locked with KG or tied to an account, this might not bypass it.

4. Check Samsung’s Find My Mobile

• If your phone is linked to your Samsung account, visit Find My Mobile and sign in to unlock the device remotely.

Important Notes:

• Attempting to remove Knox Guard without permission or outside authorized channels can violate Samsung's security policies and terms of service.
• Any unofficial methods (like software exploits or unauthorized service tools) can damage the phone and void the warranty, so it’s best to go through Samsung or the carrier for safe removal.

 

unlocking bootloader of itel

 Unlocking the bootloader of a device like the Itel A50LS can vary slightly depending on the specific model, but generally follows these steps. Please note that unlocking the bootloader will wipe all your data, and it can potentially void your warranty or make your device less secure. Always proceed with caution.

Steps to unlock the bootloader:

1.Backup Your Data: 

Unlocking the bootloader will erase all data on your device. Backup any important files before proceeding.

2. Enable Developer Options:

   - Go to Settings > About phone.

   - Tap Build number 7 times until you see a message saying "You are now a developer!".

   

3. Enable OEM Unlocking:

   - Go to Settings > System > Developer options.

   - Enable OEM unlocking and USB Debugging.

4. Install ADB and Fastboot on Your Computer:

   - Download the Android SDK Platform Tools (ADB and Fastboot) from the [official Android website](https://developer.android.com/studio/releases/platform-tools).

   - Extract and install it on your computer.

5. Connect the Phone to Your Computer:

   - Connect your Itel A50LS to the computer using a USB cable.

6. Boot into Fastboot Mode:

   - Open a Command Prompt or Terminal on your computer in the folder where ADB and Fastboot are installed.

   - Enter the command:

     ```

     adb reboot bootloader

     ```

     This will reboot your phone into bootloader/fastboot mode.

7. Unlock the Bootloader:

   - Once the phone is in bootloader mode, type the following command to unlock the bootloader:

     ```

     fastboot oem unlock

     ```

   - Confirm the unlock on your phone when prompted. The phone will wipe all data and reboot with an unlocked bootloader.

8. Reboot Your Phone:

   - Once the process is done, reboot your phone using:

     ```

     fastboot reboot

     ```

Your Itel A50LS should now have its bootloader unlocked.

ROOTING OF ANDROID DEVICES GUIDE

 

ROOTING OF ANDROID DEVICES GUIDE

Rooting android refers to the process of obtaining privileged control, often called (root access) within the android operating system.

Rooting is the equivalent of gaining superuser permissions in a Linux environment, given the android is based on the Linux kernel.

 

Superuser privileges

Rooting provides the user with access to the (root account) the highest level of permissions on a unix-based system. With this privileges, the user can modify system files, control hardware settings, and run special applications that require root access.

 

Bootloader unlocking

Before rooting can occur many devices require bootloader to be unlocked. A bootloader is a program that initializes the operating system when the device is powered on.

Unlocking the bootloader allows the user to flash custom firmware or modify the system image

Once the bootloader is unlocked a custom recovery like the TWRP( Team win recovery project) can be installed.

A recovery is a partition that contains the tools for performing maintenance tasks, including installing third-party software or rooting binaries such as magisk  or SuperSU.

 

 

 

 

 

Rooting modifies the system partition enabling write access to otherwise protected system files.

Tools like magisk use a systemless root method, modifying the boot partition, which preserves the system’s integrity while providing root access.

Kernel patching (a kernel is a computer program at the core of the computer’s operating system and generally has complete control over everything in the system. The kernel is also responsible for mitigating conflicts between different processes)

In some cases rooting involves modifying the devices kernel to bypass security checks. This because the kernel controls communication between the hardware and software and gaining root access bypass certain restrictions imposed by the kernel.

 

 

 

Dangers and security implications of rooting

• Rooting disables androids SELinux (Security-Enhanced Linux) policies, which are designed to prevent unauthorized access to system components.
• Rooting also breaks the verified boot process that ensures the system has not been tampered with, making the device more vulnerable to malware or unauthorized access.

 

 📱

NB. Once rooted the user can install apps like magisk manager to manage root permissions on a per-app basis allowing certain apps to use root access while preventing others from doing so.

Android rooting is a powerful process that involves unlocking the bootloader, potentially installing a custom recovery, and modifying the system or boot partition to gain full control over the operating system at the cost of security in many case.

 

DISCLAMER:

The information provided in this blog is for educational purposes only. Rooting an android device involves significant risks, including but not limited to voiding the device’s warranty disabling built–in features, and making the device more susceptible to malware and unauthorized access. Modifying the systems files can also lead to device malfunction or bricking rendering the device unusable

It is advised that you perform thorough research and proceed with caution.

Neither the author nor the platform shall be held responsible for any damage, loss of data, or security vulnerabilities resulting from or attempts to modify an Android device.

 

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Custom Firmware

 Custom firmware teams operate much in the same way that an OEM’s software team would operate. They customize the AOSP code and manage integrating software that supports the various hardware components found in devices. Projects such as CyanogenMod, AOKP, SuperNexus, OmniROM, and more make their source code available openly. Most even develop entirely in the open. You can find the source code for the four projects mentioned here at the following URLs:

subscribe to technicalken for more content.

■ https://github.com/CyanogenMod

■ https://github.com/AOKP

■ https://github.com/SuperNexus

■ http://omnirom.org/source-code/

more reading on the subjects will be provided